| Cartwheel Galaxy | |
|---|---|
The Cartwheel Galaxy, false color composite. |
|
| Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
| Constellation | Sculptor |
| Right ascension | 00h 37m 41.1s[1] |
| Declination | -33° 42′ 59″[1] |
| Redshift | 9050 ± 3 km/s[1] |
| Distance | 500 Mly[2] |
| Type | S pec (Ring)[1] |
| Apparent dimensions (V) | 1′.1 × 0″.9[1] |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 15.2[1] |
| Notable features | Ring shape |
| Other designations | |
| MCG-06-02-022a,[1] PGC 2248[1] | |
| See also: Galaxy, List of galaxies | |
The Cartwheel Galaxy (also known as ESO 350-40) is a lenticular galaxy about 500 million light-years away in the constellation Sculptor. It is an estimated 150,000 light-years across, has a mass of about 2.9–4.8 × 109 solar masses, and rotates at 217 km/s.[3]
It was discovered by Fritz Zwicky in 1941.[4] Zwicky considered his discovery to be "one of the most complicated structures awaiting its explanation on the basis of stellar dynamics."[4][5]
An estimation of the galaxy's span resulted in a conclusion of 150,000 light years, which is slightly larger than the Milky Way.[6]
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The Cartwheel galaxy shows non-thermal radio and optical spokes, but they are not the same spokes.[7]
The galaxy was once a normal spiral galaxy like the Milky Way before it apparently underwent a head-on collision with a smaller companion approximately 200 million years ago (i.e., 200 million years prior to the image).[3][8] When the nearby galaxy passed through the Cartwheel Galaxy, the force of the collision caused a powerful shock wave through the galaxy, like a rock being tossed into a sandbed. Moving at high speed, the shock wave swept up gas and dust, creating a starburst around the galaxy's center portion that were unscathed. This explains the bluish ring around the center, brighter portion.[9] It can be seen that the galaxy is beginning to retake the form of a normal spiral galaxy, with arms spreading out from a central core.[8]
Alternatively, a model based on the gravitational Jeans instability of both axisymmetric (radial) and nonaxisymmetric (spiral) small-amplitude gravity perturbations allows an association between growing clumps of matter and the gravitationally unstable axisymmetric and nonaxisymmetric waves which take on the appearance of a ring and spokes.[5]
The unusual shape of the Cartwheel Galaxy may be due to a collision with a smaller galaxy such as those in the lower left of the image. The most recent star burst (star formation due to compression waves) has lit up the Cartwheel rim, which has a diameter larger than the Milky Way. Star formation via starburst galaxies, such as the Cartwheel Galaxy, results in the formation of large and extremely luminous stars. When massive stars explode as supernovas, they leave behind neutron stars and black holes. Some of these neutron stars and black holes have nearby companion stars, and become powerful sources of X-rays as they pull matter off their companions. The brightest X-ray sources are likely black holes with companion stars, and appear as the white dots that lie along the rim of the X-ray image. The Cartwheel contains an exceptionally large number of these black hole binary X-ray sources, because many massive stars formed in the rim.